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Amazon AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate (DEA-C01) Sample Questions (Q61-Q66):

NEW QUESTION # 61
A company is planning to use a provisioned Amazon EMR cluster that runs Apache Spark jobs to perform big data analysis. The company requires high reliability. A big data team must follow best practices for running cost-optimized and long-running workloads on Amazon EMR. The team must find a solution that will maintain the company's current level of performance.
Which combination of resources will meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively? (Choose two.)

A. Use Amazon S3 as a persistent data store.
B. Use Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) as a persistent data store.
C. Use Graviton instances for core nodes and task nodes.
D. Use Spot Instances for all primary nodes.
E. Use x86-based instances for core nodes and task nodes.

Answer: A,C

Explanation:
The best combination of resources to meet the requirements of high reliability, cost-optimization, and performance for running Apache Spark jobs on Amazon EMR is to use Amazon S3 as a persistent data store and Graviton instances for core nodes and task nodes.
Amazon S3 is a highly durable, scalable, and secure object storage service that can store any amount of data for a variety of use cases, including big data analytics1. Amazon S3 is a better choice than HDFS as a persistent data store for Amazon EMR, as it decouples the storage from the compute layer, allowing for more flexibility and cost-efficiency. Amazon S3 also supports data encryption, versioning, lifecycle management, and cross-region replication1. Amazon EMR integrates seamlessly with Amazon S3, using EMR File System (EMRFS) to access data stored in Amazon S3 buckets2. EMRFS also supports consistent view, which enables Amazon EMR to provide read-after-write consistency for Amazon S3 objects that are accessed through EMRFS2.
Graviton instances are powered by Arm-based AWS Graviton2 processors that deliver up to 40% better price performance over comparable current generation x86-based instances3. Graviton instances are ideal for running workloads that are CPU-bound, memory-bound, or network-bound, such as big data analytics, web servers, and open-source databases3. Graviton instances are compatible with Amazon EMR, and can beused for both core nodes and task nodes. Core nodes are responsible for running the data processing frameworks, such as Apache Spark, and storing data in HDFS or the local file system. Task nodes are optional nodes that can be added to a cluster to increase the processing power and throughput. By using Graviton instances for both core nodes and task nodes, you can achieve higher performance and lower cost than using x86-based instances.
Using Spot Instances for all primary nodes is not a good option, as it can compromise the reliability and availability of the cluster. Spot Instances are spare EC2 instances that are available at up to 90% discount compared to On-Demand prices, but they can be interrupted by EC2 with a two-minute notice when EC2 needs the capacity back. Primary nodes are the nodes that run the cluster software, such as Hadoop, Spark, Hive, and Hue, and are essential for the cluster operation. If a primary node is interrupted by EC2, the cluster will fail or become unstable. Therefore, it is recommended to use On-Demand Instances or Reserved Instances for primary nodes, and use Spot Instances only for task nodes that can tolerate interruptions. References:
Amazon S3 - Cloud Object Storage
EMR File System (EMRFS)
AWS Graviton2 Processor-Powered Amazon EC2 Instances
[Plan and Configure EC2 Instances]
[Amazon EC2 Spot Instances]
[Best Practices for Amazon EMR]

NEW QUESTION # 62
A company stores customer data in an Amazon S3 bucket. Multiple teams in the company want to use the customer data for downstream analysis. The company needs to ensure that the teams do not have access to personally identifiable information (PII) about the customers.
Which solution will meet this requirement with LEAST operational overhead?

A. Use an AWS Glue DataBrew job to store the PII data in a second S3 bucket. Perform analysis on the data that remains in the original S3 bucket.
B. Use S3 Object Lambda to access the data, and use Amazon Comprehend to detect and remove PII.
C. Use Amazon Macie to create and run a sensitive data discovery job to detect and remove PII.
D. Use Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose and Amazon Comprehend to detect and remove PII.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Step 1: Understanding the Data Use Case
The company has data stored in an Amazon S3 bucket and needs to provide teams access for analysis, ensuring that PII data is not included in the analysis. The solution should be simple to implement and maintain, ensuring minimal operational overhead.
Step 2: Why Option D is Correct
Option D (AWS Glue DataBrew) allows you to visually prepare and transform data without needing to write code. By using a DataBrew job, the company can:
Automatically detect and separate PII data from non-PII data.
Store PII data in a second S3 bucket for security, while keeping the original S3 bucket clean for analysis.
This approach keeps operational overhead low by utilizing DataBrew's pre-built transformations and the easy-to-use interface for non-technical users. It also ensures compliance by separating sensitive PII data from the main dataset.
Step 3: Why Other Options Are Not Ideal
Option A (Amazon Macie) is a powerful tool for detecting sensitive data, but Macie doesn't inherently remove or mask PII. You would still need additional steps to clean the data after Macie identifies PII.
Option B (S3 Object Lambda with Amazon Comprehend) introduces more complexity by requiring custom logic at the point of data access. Amazon Comprehend can detect PII, but using S3 Object Lambda to filter data would involve more overhead.
Option C (Kinesis Data Firehose and Comprehend) is more suitable for real-time streaming data use cases rather than batch analysis. Setting up and managing a streaming solution like Kinesis adds unnecessary complexity.
Conclusion:
Using AWS Glue DataBrew provides a low-overhead, no-code solution to detect and separate PII data, ensuring the analysis teams only have access to non-sensitive data. This approach is simple, compliant, and easy to manage compared to other options.

NEW QUESTION # 63
A gaming company uses Amazon Kinesis Data Streams to collect clickstream data. The company uses Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery streams to store the data in JSON format in Amazon S3. Data scientists at the company use Amazon Athena to query the most recent data to obtain business insights.
The company wants to reduce Athena costs but does not want to recreate the data pipeline.
Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST management effort?

A. Create a Kinesis data stream as a delivery destination for Firehose. Use Amazon Managed Service for Apache Flink (previously known as Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics) to run Apache Flink on the Kinesis data stream. Use Flink to aggregate the data and save the data to Amazon S3 in Apache Parquet format with a custom S3 object YYYYMMDD prefix. Use the ALTER TABLE ADD PARTITION statement to reflect the partition on the existing Athena table.
B. Create an Apache Spark job that combines JSON files and converts the JSON files to Apache Parquet files. Launch an Amazon EMR ephemeral cluster every day to run the Spark job to create new Parquet files in a different S3 location. Use the ALTER TABLE SET LOCATION statement to reflect the new S3 location on the existing Athena table.
C. Integrate an AWS Lambda function with Firehose to convert source records to Apache Parquet and write them to Amazon S3. In parallel, run an AWS Glue extract, transform, and load (ETL) job to combine the JSON files and convert the JSON files to large Parquet files. Create a custom S3 object YYYYMMDD prefix. Use the ALTER TABLE ADD PARTITION statement to reflect the partition on the existing Athena table.
D. Change the Firehose output format to Apache Parquet. Provide a custom S3 object YYYYMMDD prefix expression and specify a large buffer size. For the existing data, create an AWS Glue extract, transform, and load (ETL) job. Configure the ETL job to combine small JSON files, convert the JSON files to large Parquet files, and add the YYYYMMDD prefix. Use the ALTER TABLE ADD PARTITION statement to reflect the partition on the existing Athena table.

Answer: D

Explanation:
Step 1: Understanding the Problem
The company collects clickstream data via Amazon Kinesis Data Streams and stores it in JSON format in Amazon S3 using Kinesis Data Firehose. They use Amazon Athena to query the data, but they want to reduce Athena costs while maintaining the same data pipeline.
Since Athena charges based on the amount of data scanned during queries, reducing the data size (by converting JSON to a more efficient format like Apache Parquet) is a key solution to lowering costs.
Step 2: Why Option A is Correct
Option A provides a straightforward way to reduce costs with minimal management overhead:
Changing the Firehose output format to Parquet: Parquet is a columnar data format, which is more compact and efficient than JSON for Athena queries. It significantly reduces the amount of data scanned, which in turn reduces Athena query costs.
Custom S3 Object Prefix (YYYYMMDD): Adding a date-based prefix helps in partitioning the data, which further improves query efficiency in Athena by limiting the data scanned to only relevant partitions.
AWS Glue ETL Job for Existing Data: To handle existing data stored in JSON format, a one-time AWS Glue ETL job can combine small JSON files, convert them to Parquet, and apply the YYYYMMDD prefix. This ensures consistency in the S3 bucket structure and allows Athena to efficiently query historical data.
ALTER TABLE ADD PARTITION: This command updates Athena's table metadata to reflect the new partitions, ensuring that future queries target only the required data.
Step 3: Why Other Options Are Not Ideal
Option B (Apache Spark on EMR) introduces higher management effort by requiring the setup of Apache Spark jobs and an Amazon EMR cluster. While it achieves the goal of converting JSON to Parquet, it involves running and maintaining an EMR cluster, which adds operational complexity.
Option C (Kinesis and Apache Flink) is a more complex solution involving Apache Flink, which adds a real-time streaming layer to aggregate data. Although Flink is a powerful tool for stream processing, it adds unnecessary overhead in this scenario since the company already uses Kinesis Data Firehose for batch delivery to S3.
Option D (AWS Lambda with Firehose) suggests using AWS Lambda to convert records in real time. While Lambda can work in some cases, it's generally not the best tool for handling large-scale data transformations like JSON-to-Parquet conversion due to potential scaling and invocation limitations. Additionally, running parallel Glue jobs further complicates the setup.
Step 4: How Option A Minimizes Costs
By using Apache Parquet, Athena queries become more efficient, as Athena will scan significantly less data, directly reducing query costs.
Firehose natively supports Parquet as an output format, so enabling this conversion in Firehose requires minimal effort. Once set, new data will automatically be stored in Parquet format in S3, without requiring any custom coding or ongoing management.
The AWS Glue ETL job for historical data ensures that existing JSON files are also converted to Parquet format, ensuring consistency across the data stored in S3.
Conclusion:
Option A meets the requirement to reduce Athena costs without recreating the data pipeline, using Firehose's native support for Apache Parquet and a simple one-time AWS Glue ETL job for existing data. This approach involves minimal management effort compared to the other solutions.

NEW QUESTION # 64
A company has multiple applications that use datasets that are stored in an Amazon S3 bucket. The company has an ecommerce application that generates a dataset that contains personally identifiable information (PII).
The company has an internal analytics application that does not require access to the PII.
To comply with regulations, the company must not share PII unnecessarily. A data engineer needs to implement a solution that with redact PII dynamically, based on the needs of each application that accesses the dataset.
Which solution will meet the requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

A. Create an API Gateway endpoint that has custom authorizers. Use the API Gateway endpoint to read data from the S3 bucket. Initiate a REST API call to dynamically redact PII based on the needs of each application that accesses the data.
B. Create an S3 bucket policy to limit the access each application has. Create multiple copies of the dataset.
Give each dataset copy the appropriate level of redaction for the needs of the application that accesses the copy.
C. Use AWS Glue to transform the data for each application. Create multiple copies of the dataset. Give each dataset copy the appropriate level of redaction for the needs of the application that accesses the copy.
D. Create an S3 Object Lambda endpoint. Use the S3 Object Lambda endpoint to read data from the S3 bucket. Implement redaction logic within an S3 Object Lambda function to dynamically redact PII based on the needs of each application that accesses the data.

Answer: D

Explanation:
Option B is the best solution to meet the requirements with the least operational overhead because S3 Object Lambda is a feature that allows you to add your own code to process data retrieved from S3 before returning it to an application. S3 Object Lambda works with S3 GET requests and can modify both the object metadata and the object data. By using S3 Object Lambda, you can implement redaction logic within an S3 Object Lambda function to dynamically redact PII based on the needs of each application that accesses the data. This way, you can avoid creating and maintaining multiple copies of the dataset with different levels of redaction.
Option A is not a good solution because it involves creating and managing multiple copies of the dataset with different levels of redaction for each application. This option adds complexity and storage cost to the data protection process and requires additional resources and configuration. Moreover, S3 bucket policies cannot enforce fine-grained data access control at the row and column level, so they are not sufficient to redact PII.
Option C is not a good solution because it involves using AWS Glue to transform the data for each application. AWS Glue is a fully managed service that can extract, transform, and load (ETL) data from various sources to various destinations, including S3. AWS Glue can also convert data to different formats, such as Parquet, which is a columnar storage format that is optimized for analytics. However, in this scenario, using AWS Glue to redact PII is not the best option because it requires creating and maintaining multiple copies of the dataset with different levels of redaction for each application. This option also adds extra time and cost to the data protection process and requires additional resources and configuration.
Option D is not a good solution because it involves creating and configuring an API Gateway endpoint that has custom authorizers. API Gateway is a service that allows youto create, publish, maintain, monitor, and secure APIs at any scale. API Gateway can also integrate with other AWS services, such as Lambda, to provide custom logic for processing requests. However, in this scenario, using API Gateway to redact PII is not the best option because it requires writing and maintaining custom code and configuration for the API endpoint, the custom authorizers, and the REST API call. This option also adds complexity and latency to the data protection process and requires additional resources and configuration.
References:
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide
Introducing Amazon S3 Object Lambda - Use Your Code to Process Data as It Is Being Retrieved from S3 Using Bucket Policies and User Policies - Amazon Simple Storage Service AWS Glue Documentation What is Amazon API Gateway? - Amazon API Gateway

NEW QUESTION # 65
A company maintains an Amazon Redshift provisioned cluster that the company uses for extract, transform, and load (ETL) operations to support critical analysis tasks. A sales team within the company maintains a Redshift cluster that the sales team uses for business intelligence (BI) tasks.
The sales team recently requested access to the data that is in the ETL Redshift cluster so the team can perform weekly summary analysis tasks. The sales team needs to join data from the ETL cluster with data that is in the sales team's BI cluster.
The company needs a solution that will share the ETL cluster data with the sales team without interrupting the critical analysis tasks. The solution must minimize usage of the computing resources of the ETL cluster.
Which solution will meet these requirements?

A. Create database views based on the sales team's requirements. Grant the sales team direct access to the ETL cluster.
B. Create materialized views based on the sales team's requirements. Grant the sales team direct access to the ETL cluster.
C. Set up the sales team Bl cluster asa consumer of the ETL cluster by using Redshift data sharing.
D. Unload a copy of the data from the ETL cluster to an Amazon S3 bucket every week. Create an Amazon Redshift Spectrum table based on the content of the ETL cluster.

Answer: C

Explanation:
Redshift data sharing is a feature that enables you to share live data across different Redshift clusters without the need to copy or move data. Data sharing provides secure and governed access to data, while preserving the performance and concurrency benefits of Redshift. By setting up the sales team BI cluster as a consumer of the ETL cluster, the company can share the ETL cluster data with the sales team without interrupting the critical analysis tasks. The solution also minimizes the usage of the computing resources of the ETL cluster, as the data sharing does not consume any storage space or compute resources from the producer cluster. The other options are either not feasible or not efficient. Creating materialized views or database views would require the sales team to have direct access to the ETL cluster, which could interfere with the critical analysis tasks.
Unloading a copy of the data from the ETL cluster to anAmazon S3 bucket every week would introduce additional latency and cost, as well as create data inconsistency issues. References:
Sharing data across Amazon Redshift clusters
AWS Certified Data Engineer - Associate DEA-C01 Complete Study Guide, Chapter 2: Data Store Management, Section 2.2: Amazon Redshift

NEW QUESTION # 66
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